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What Base64 encoding is and is not

Base64 is an encoding scheme, not encryption. It converts binary data or text into a safe ASCII string using 64 printable characters. The output is about 33% larger than the input.

It doesn't hide data: anyone can decode it instantly. Its purpose is transport safety, embedding binary in JSON, XML, or HTTP headers that only accept text.

Standard vs URL-safe (Base64url)

Standard Base64 uses + and / characters, which are special in URLs and can break query strings. URL-safe Base64 (Base64url) replaces + with - and / with _, making the output safe for URLs, filenames, and HTTP headers.

JWT tokens use Base64url for their header and payload sections, which is exactly what the "JWT-compatible" variant here produces.

Common uses: images, auth tokens, data URIs

Developers encode images or PDFs to Base64 to embed them directly in HTML data URIs or JSON API responses, avoiding a separate file request.

Auth tokens, API keys, and session cookies are often Base64-encoded before being placed in Authorization headers. Configuration systems encode secrets to prevent accidental whitespace or special-character corruption in environment variables.